Establishment of a Latin American dataset to enable the construction of gestational weight gain charts for adolescents.

Gestational weight gain is an important indicator for monitoring nutritional status during pregnancy. However, there are no gestational weight gain references created for adolescents or national datasets to enable the construction of such graphs up to date. This manuscript aims to describe the creation of a Latin American dataset to construct gestational weight gain references for adolescents aged 10-19 years old. Gestational weight gain data from studies conducted in nine countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) collected between 2003 and 2021 were harmonized. Data on height, weight, and gestational age in at least two gestational trimesters were included. Pregnant adolescents should be free of diseases that could affect weight, and newborns should weigh between 2,500-4,000 g and be free of congenital malformations. The final dataset included 6,414 individuals after data cleaning. Heterogeneity between the countries was assessed by calculating standardized site differences for GWG and z scores of height-for-age. Several imputation procedures were tested, and approximately 10% of the first-trimester weights were imputed. The prevalence of individuals with underweight (1.5%) and obesity (5.3%) was low, which may lead to problems when modeling the curves for such BMI categories. Maternal height and gestational weight gain did not show significant differences by country, according to the standardized site differences. A harmonized dataset of nine countries with imputed data in the first trimester of pregnancy was prepared to construct Latin American gestational weight gain curves for adolescents.

Ingesta dietética y patrón alimentario de las mujeres en periodo de gestación y lactancia de los pueblos indígenas de Colombia. Problemática que requiere urgente atención

Objetivo: Analizar el patrón alimentario y el riesgo de deficiencia en la ingesta usual de energía y nutrientes de las mujeres gestantes y lactantes de algunos pueblos indígenas. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal, con información del componente de ingesta dietética tomada del Estudio nacional de la situación alimentaria y nutricional de los pueblos indígenas de Colombia, realizado entre 2013 y 2019, que incluyó 1028 mujeres indígenas gestantes (319) y lactantes (709), de las regiones norte y sur del país. Resultados: Se encontró una proporción superior al 90 % (Desviación estándar = 0,04) de gestantes y lactantes con consumo inferior al recomendado de calorías (p= 0,038). Alrededor del 70 % de las gestantes y lactantes no consumió lácteos el día anterior a la encuesta, y 50 % no consumió frutas y verduras. Con respecto a los micronutrientes, se encontraron, en las gestantes y lactantes, altas prevalencias del riesgo de deficiencia en la ingesta de vitamina C (50,3 y 80,2 %), folatos (80,4 y 95,1 %), zinc (87,6 y 96,3 %), hierro (88,9 y 68,6 %) y calcio (87,5 y 98,5 %). Conclusión: El consumo de alimentos y nutrientes en las mujeres indígenas gestantes y lactantes es deficiente en nutrientes claves para mantener su estado de salud y proporcionar los nutrientes necesarios a su bebé, y su patrón alimentario se clasifica como no saludable.

Objective: To analyze the dietary pattern and deficiency risk in the usual energy and nutrient intake of pregnant and lactating women from some indigenous peoples. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study, with information from the dietary intake component taken from the National Survey of the food and nutritional situation of indigenous peoples in Colombia, conducted between 2013 and 2019, which included 1,028 pregnant (319) and lactating (709) indigenous women from the northern and southern regions of the country. Results: A proportion higher than 90% (SD = 0.04) of pregnant and lactating women with lower than recommended calorie intake was found (p = 0.038). Around 70% of pregnant and lactating women had no any dairy products the day before the survey, and 50% did not eat fruits and vegetables. Regarding micronutrients, high prevalence of deficiency risk in the intake of vitamin C (50.3 and 80.2%), folate (80.4 and 95.1%), zinc (87.6 and 96.3%), iron (88.9 and 68.6%) and calcium (87.5 and 98.5%) was found in pregnant and lactating women. Conclusion: Food and nutrient intake in pregnant and lactating indigenous women is deficient in key nutrients to maintain their general health and provide the necessary nutrients to their babies. Their dietary pattern is considered unhealthy.

Objetivo: Analisar o padrão alimentar e o risco de deficiência na ingestão usual de energia e nutrientes das mulheres gestantes e lactantes de alguns povos indígenas. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal, com informação do componente de ingesta dietética tirada do Estudo nacional da situação alimentar e nutricional dos povos indígenas da Colômbia, realizado entre 2013 e 2019, que incluiu 1028 mulheres indígenas gestantes (319) e lactantes (709) das regiões norte e sul do país. Resultados: Encontrou-se uma proporção superior a 90% (Desvio-padrão = 0,04) de gestantes e lactantes com consumo inferior ao recomendado em calorias (p = 0,038). Ao redor de 70% das gestantes e lactantes não consumiu lácteos no dia prévio à enquete, e 50% não consumiu frutas e verduras. No que se refere aos micronutrientes, acharam-se nas gestantes e lactantes altas prevalências de risco de deficiência na ingestão de vitamina C (50,3 e 80,2 %), folatos (80,4 e 95,1 %), zinco (87,6 e 96,3 %), ferro (88,9 e 68,6 %) e cálcio (87,5 e 98,5 %). Conclusão: O consumo de alimentos e nutrientes nas mulheres indígenas gestantes e lactantes é deficiente em nutrientes-chave para manter seu estado de saúde e proporcionar os nutrientes necessários para o bebê; seu padrão alimentar classifica-se como não saudável.

Gestational weight gain charts for Latin American adolescents.

Monitoring gestational weight gain (GWG) throughout pregnancy among adolescents is important for detecting individuals at risk and timely intervention. However, there are no specific tools or guidelines for GWG monitoring of this group. We aimed to construct GWG charts for pregnant adolescents (10-19 years old) according to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) using a pooled dataset from nine Latin American countries. Datasets from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay collected between 2003 and 2021 were combined after data cleaning and harmonization. Adolescents free of diseases that could affect GWG and who gave birth to newborns weighing between 2,500-4,000 g and free of congenital malformations were included. Multiple imputation techniques were applied to increase the sample size available for underweight and obesity categories. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape were used to construct the charts of GWG according to gestational age. Internal and external validation procedures were performed to ensure that models were not over-adjusted to the data. The cohort included 6,414 individuals and 29,414 measurements to construct the charts and 1,684 individuals and 8,879 measurements for external validation. The medians (and interquartile ranges) for GWG at 40 weeks according to pre-pregnancy BMI were: underweight, 14.9 (11.9-18.6); normal weight, 14.0 (10.6-17.7); overweight, 11.6 (7.7-15.6); obesity, 10.6 kg (6.7-14.3). Internal and external validation showed that the percentages above/below selected percentiles were close to those expected, except for underweight adolescents. These charts describe the GWG throughout pregnancy among Latin American adolescents and represent a significant contribution to the prenatal care of this group. GWG cut-offs based on values associated with lower risks of unfavorable outcomes for the mother-child binomial should be determined before implementing the charts in clinical practice.

Factores maternos y ganancia de peso en un grupo de gestantes con recién nacidos macrosómicos / Maternal Factors and Weight Gain in a Group of Pregnant Women with Macrosomic Newborns

Resumen Antecedentes: la excesiva ganancia de peso contribuye al riesgo de diabetes gestacional y sobrecrecimiento fetal. Objetivo: explorar el efecto de algunos factores sociodemográficos, gestacionales y antropométricos sobre la ganancia de peso durante la gestación en un grupo de mujeres con recién nacidos macrosómicos, atendidas en una institución de segundo nivel del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, entre 2010 y 2017. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal retrospectivo con historias clínicas prenatales de 61 mujeres que tuvieron recién nacidos macrosómicos. La variable de interés fue la ganancia de peso. Para la asociación de los aspectos sociodemográficos y gestacionales con la ganancia de peso, se aplicó la prueba t de Student y la magnitud del efecto con la medida g de Hedges. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple ajustado para el análisis multivariado. Resultados: se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas según edad materna, IMC pregestacional, estatura materna e interconsulta a nutrición. El tamaño del efecto sobre el aumento de peso en el embarazo para cada una de estas variables fue significativo. El IMC pregestacional (p<0,001; IC95 % -7,28; -2,67) y la estatura materna (p<0,05 IC95 % 0,88; 5,87) explican el 27 % de la variabilidad de la ganancia de peso. Conclusión: factores como edad materna menor a 35 años, IMC pregestacional, estatura materna y ausencia de atención nutricional pueden repercutir en ganancias de peso por encima de lo recomendado.

Abstract Background: Excessive weight gain contributes to the risk of gestational diabetes and fetal overgrowth. Objective: to explore the effect of some sociodemographic, gestational and anthropometric factors on weight gain during pregnancy, in a group of women with macrosomic newborns, treated at a second-level institution in the department of Antioquia, between 2010 and 2017. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with prenatal medical records of 61 women with macrosomic newborns. The variable of interest was weight gain. For the relationship of the sociodemographic and gestational aspects with the weight gain, the t-Student test was applied and the magnitude of the effect with the Hedges g measure. A multiple linear regression model adjusted was applied for multivariate analysis. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in maternal age, pregestational body mass index, maternal height, and nutrition consultation. The effect size on weight gain in pregnancy for each of these variables was significant. Pregestational body mass index (p<0.001, 95% CI -7.28; -2.67) and maternal height (P<0.05 95% CI 0.88; 5.87) explain 27% of the variability of weight gain. Conclusion: factors such as maternal age less than 35 years, pregestational body mass index, maternal height and lack of nutritional care, can have an impact on weight gains above the recommendations.

[Maternal factors associated with birth weight in term infants, Colombia, 2002-2011]. / Factores maternos relacionados con el peso al nacer de recién nacidos a término, Colombia, 2002-2011.

The study aimed to identify maternal factors associated with birth weight in Colombia from 2002 to 2011. This was a descriptive study based on data from the Live Birth Registry of Colombia, Administrative Department of Vital Statistics. Birth weight was classified as low birth weight < 2,500g, insufficient birth weight 2,500-2,999g, normal birth weight 3,000-3,999g, and high birth weight ≥ 4,000g. Data analysis used Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and multinomial logistic regression. Women with increased likelihood of low birth weight newborns were 35 years or older (OR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.39-1.4), had little schooling (OR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.1), were single (OR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2), without prenatal care (OR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.9-2.0), and lived in rural areas (OR = 1.2; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2). Women with higher prevalence of high birth weight newborns were 35 years or older (OR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.1) and had four or more children (OR = 2.1; 95%CI 2.0-2.1). Insufficient birth weight showed a similar pattern to low birth weight. In conclusion, social, demographic, and maternal factors influence the birth weight of newborns in Colombia.

Factores maternos relacionados con el peso al nacer de recién nacidos a término, Colombia, 2002-2011 / Maternal factors associated with birth weight in term infants, Colombia, 2002-2011 / Fatores maternos associados ao peso ao nascer dos recém-nascidos a termo, Colômbia, 2002-2011

El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores maternos asociados con el peso al nacer, en Colombia, entre 2002-2011. Fue un estudio descriptivo, basado en información del Registro de Nacido Vivo de Colombia del Departamento Administrativo de Estadísticas Vitales, se clasificó el peso al nacer como: bajo peso al nacer < 2.500g, peso insuficiente 2.500-2.999g, peso adecuado 3.000-3.999g y macrosomía ≥ 4.000g. Para el análisis se utilizó la U Mann-Whitney, Kruskall Wallis y un modelo de regresión logística multinomial. Las mujeres con mayor probabilidad de recién nacidos con bajo peso fueron las de 35 años o más (OR = 1,4; IC95%: 1,39-1,4), con bajo nivel educativo (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 1,1-1,1), solteras (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 1,1-1,2), sin asistencia a controles prenatales (OR = 1,9; IC95%: 1,9-2,0) y de la zona rural (OR = 1,2; IC95%: 1,1-1,2). Las mujeres con mayor prevalencia de recién nacidos macrosómicos fueron de 35 años o más (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 1,1-1,1) y de 4 hijos o más (OR = 2,1; IC95%: 2,0-2,1). El peso insuficiente tuvo un comportamiento similar al bajo peso al nacer. En conclusión, los factores sociodemográficos y maternos influencian el peso al nacer de recién nacidos de mujeres colombianas.

The study aimed to identify maternal factors associated with birth weight in Colombia from 2002 to 2011. This was a descriptive study based on data from the Live Birth Registry of Colombia, Administrative Department of Vital Statistics. Birth weight was classified as low birth weight < 2,500g, insufficient birth weight 2,500-2,999g, normal birth weight 3,000-3,999g, and high birth weight ≥ 4,000g. Data analysis used Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and multinomial logistic regression. Women with increased likelihood of low birth weight newborns were 35 years or older (OR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.39-1.4), had little schooling (OR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.1), were single (OR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2), without prenatal care (OR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.9-2.0), and lived in rural areas (OR = 1.2; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2). Women with higher prevalence of high birth weight newborns were 35 years or older (OR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.1) and had four or more children (OR = 2.1; 95%CI 2.0-2.1). Insufficient birth weight showed a similar pattern to low birth weight. In conclusion, social, demographic, and maternal factors influence the birth weight of newborns in Colombia.

Este estudo objetiva identificar os fatores maternos associados ao peso ao nascer, em Colômbia, no período de 2002 a 2011. Foi um estudo descritivo, baseado em informações do Registro de Nascidos Vivos de Colômbia do Departamento Administrativo de Estatísticas Vitais; se classificou o peso ao nascer como baixo peso ao nascer < 2.500g; peso insuficiente 2.500-2.999g, peso adequado 3.000-3.999g e macrossomia ≥ 4.000g. Para a análise foi usada a U Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e um modelo de regressão logística multinomial. As mulheres com maior probabilidade de recém-nascidos com baixo peso foram as de 35 anos ou mais (OR = 1,4; IC95%: 1,39-1,4), com baixo nível escolar (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 1,1-1,1), solteiras (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 1,1-1,2), sem assistência a controles pré-natais (OR = 1,9; IC95%: 1,9-2,0) e da zona rural (OR = 1,2; IC95%: 1,1-1,2). As mulheres com maior prevalência de recém-nascidos macrossômicos foram de 35 anos ou mais (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 1,1-1,1) e com 4 filhos ou mais (OR = 2,1; IC95%: 2,0-2,1). O peso insuficente teve um comportamento similar ao baixo peso ao nascer. Em conclusão, os fatores sociodemográficos e maternos influenciam o peso ao nascer do recém-nascido das mulheres colombianas.

Estado nutricional materno y neonatal en un grupo de adolescentes de la ciudad de Medellín / Teen mother and newborn nutritional status in a group of teenagers of the city of Medellin

Introducción: en los países en vía de desarrollo, entre ellos Colombia, el embarazo adolescente es un problema de salud pública por sus consecuencias sociales, de salud y nutrición para el binomio madre-hijo. Objetivo: evaluar las características demográficas, socioeconómicas, de seguridad alimentaria, de salud y el estado nutricional en un grupo de gestantes adolescentes y sus recién nacidos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal con 294 embarazadas adolescentes en el tercer trimestre de gestación del programa de control prenatal de la Red Pública Hospitalaria de Medellín-Colombia, durante 2011-2012. Se buscó la asociación del índice de masa corporal materno, estado nutritivo del hierro y peso al nacer del neonato con variables explicativas. Resultados: los ingresos económicos mensuales inferiores a un salario mínimo se asociaron con bajo peso materno y con recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional. El bajo peso gestacional se presentó en mayor proporción en las gestantes de 15 años o menos y con una edad ginecológica inferior a cinco años. La prevalencia de anemia fue baja en el primer trimestre y aumentó significativamente al final del embarazo; 90% presentaron reservas inadecuadas de hierro. El bajo peso al nacer se asoció con la presencia de infecciones y el bajo peso materno en el tercer trimestre de gestación. Conclusión: la gestación adolescente es un problema complejo que se asocia con efectos negativos en el estado nutricional, de salud y social de la mujer y su recién nacido (AU)

Introduction: in developing countries, including Colombia, teen pregnancy is a public health problem. It brings social, health and nutritional consequences for the mother/son binomial. Objective: to assess demographic, socioeconomic, food security, health and nutritional status characteristics in a group of pregnant teenagers and their newborns. Methodology: a cross sectional analytical study was performed in 294 pregnant teenagers in their third trimester of pregnancy enrolled in the prenatal care programs of the public network of hospitals in Medellin-Colombia between 2011 and 2012. Association between the mother´s body mass index, iron nutritional status and newborn´s weight at birth using explicative variables was assessed. Results: monthly incomes under a minimum salary were associated with low mother´s weight and newborns small for gestational age. Low gestational weight was higher in pregnant women under 15 years of age and with a gynecological age under five years. The prevalence of anemia was low in the first trimester and increased at the end of pregnancy; 5.6% had adequate iron reserves. Low weight at birth was associated with infections and mother´s low weight in the third trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion: teenage pregnancy is a complex problem associated with negative effects in the nutritional, health and social status of the girl and their newborn (AU)

[TEEN MOTHER AND NEWBORN NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN A GROUP OF TEENAGERS OF THE CITY OF MEDELLIN]. / ESTADO NUTRICIONAL MATERNO Y NEONATAL EN UN GRUPO DE ADOLESCENTES DE LA CIUDAD DE MEDELLÍN.

INTRODUCTION: in developing countries, including Colombia, teen pregnancy is a public health problem. It brings social, health and nutritional consequences for the mother/son binomial. OBJECTIVE: to assess demographic, socioeconomic, food security, health and nutritional status characteristics in a group of pregnant teenagers and their newborns. METHODOLOGY: a cross sectional analytical study was performed in 294 pregnant teenagers in their third trimester of pregnancy enrolled in the prenatal care programs of the public network of hospitals in Medellin-Colombia between 2011 and 2012. Association between the mother's body mass index, iron nutritional status and newborn's weight at birth using explicative variables was assessed. RESULTS: monthly incomes under a minimum salary were associated with low mother's weight and newborns small for gestational age. Low gestational weight was higher in pregnant women under 15 years of age and with a gynecological age under five years. The prevalence of anemia was low in the first trimester and increased at the end of pregnancy; 5.6% had adequate iron reserves. Low weight at birth was associated with infections and mother's low weight in the third trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: teenage pregnancy is a complex problem associated with negative effects in the nutritional, health and social status of the girl and their newborn.

Introducción: en los países en vía de desarrollo, entre ellos Colombia, el embarazo adolescente es un problema de salud pública por sus consecuencias sociales, de salud y nutrición para el binomio madre-hijo. Objetivo: evaluar las características demográficas, socioeconómicas, de seguridad alimentaria, de salud y el estado nutricional en un grupo de gestantes adolescentes y sus recién nacidos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal con 294 embarazadas adolescentes en el tercer trimestre de gestación del programa de control prenatal de la Red Pública Hospitalaria de Medellín-Colombia, durante 2011-2012. Se buscó la asociación del índice de masa corporal materno, estado nutritivo del hierro y peso al nacer del neonato con variables explicativas. Resultados: los ingresos económicos mensuales inferiores a un salario mínimo se asociaron con bajo peso materno y con recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional. El bajo peso gestacional se presentó en mayor proporción en las gestantes de 15 años o menos y con una edad ginecológica inferior a cinco años. La prevalencia de anemia fue baja en el primer trimestre y aumentó significativamente al final del embarazo; 90% presentaron reservas inadecuadas de hierro. El bajo peso al nacer se asoció con la presencia de infecciones y el bajo peso materno en el tercer trimestre de gestación. Conclusión: la gestación adolescente es un problema complejo que se asocia con efectos negativos en el estado nutricional, de salud y social de la mujer y su recién nacido.

Etiquetado nutricional, una mirada desde los consumidores de alimentos / Nutritional labeling, from a consumers viewpoint

Antecedentes: el etiquetado nutricional es una herramienta para que los consumidores tomen decisiones respecto a su alimentación, para conservar la salud y prevenir enfermedades. Objetivos: describir la asociación entre variables sociodemográficas con la lectura de las etiquetas e identificar la percepción de los compradores en torno al etiquetado nutricional de alimentos. Metodología: se utilizó por triangulación de métodos; desde lo cuantitativo, se realizó un estudio descriptivo en una muestra de 384 personas. Desde lo cualitativo, se utilizó la perspectiva de etnografía enfocada; se realizaron 30 entrevistas a compradores de alimentos y 20 observaciones en el momento de la compra. Resultados: se encontró asociación (p<0,005) entre variables sociodemográficas, como género, nivel de estudios y ocupación y la lectura de la etiquetado nutricional. Desde el componente cualitativo se resalta cómo los consumidores presentan un bajo nivel de información sobre el etiquetado nutricional y tienen dificultades para interpretarlo. La selección y compra de alimentos no se hace por la información nutricional sino por motivos como tradición y sabor. Conclusiones: el desconocimiento sobre el etiquetado nutricional no contribuye al proceso de selección y compra de los alimentos, otros aspectos de tipo personal y cultural determinan la decisión de compra de alimentos.

Background: Nutritional labeling is a consumer's tool when it comes to taking decisions about their nutrition, for the health maintenance and prevention of disease. Objective: to describe the association between sociodemographic variables, upon reading the labels and identify the consumer's perception about nutritional labeling. Materials and methods: A triangulation of methods were used; from a quantitative methodology, descriptive study was conducted on a sample of 384 persons. From a qualitative methodology, a focalized ethnography approach was used, 30 interviews were conducted, and 20 observations at the time of the purchasing food. Results: An association was found of (p<0,005) between sociodemographic variables such as: gender, educational level, occupation and the lecture of the nutritional label. From a qualitative component, consumers have a low level of information on the nutritional label and the difficulty interpreting it. The selection and purchase of food is not based on a nutritional basis but rather on reasons such as taste or tradition. Conclusions: The lack of knowledge about nutritional labeling, does not contribute to the process of selection and purchase of food. Other aspects such as personal and cultural are what determine the purchasing decision of consumers.

Embarazo adolescente: características maternas y su asociación con el peso al nacer del neonato / Adolescent pregnancy: maternal characteristics and their association with birth weight of the newborn

En Colombia, el embarazo adolescente es un problema de salud pública, con serias implicaciones en la salud y nutrición del binomio madre-hijo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar características sociodemográficas, económicas, de seguridad alimentaria, de salud y el estado nutricional por antropometría en adolescentes en el tercer trimestre de embarazo y asociar estos factores con el peso de los recién nacidos. Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal con 294 embarazadas (semana 27-40) del programa de control prenatal de la Red Pública Hospitalaria de Medellín-Colombia. Se buscó asociación del peso al nacer del neonato con las variables explicativas. El bajo peso en embarazadas se presentó en mayor proporción en adolescentes cuyas familias devengaron menos de un Salario Mínimo Mensual -SMMLV-, en las que tenían 15 años o menos y con edad ginecológica menor de cinco años. La mayor proporción de pequeños para la edad gestacional se presentó en adolescentes con infecciones, bajo peso gestacional e ingresos menores a un SMMLV. Devengar menos de un SMMLV disminuye 118 gramos el peso del recién nacido (IC95%:-2,5a-234,7) y por cada kilogramo que aumentó el peso pregestacional materno, el peso al nacer aumentó 10,3 g (IC95%: 2,0 - 18,5). Los ingresos económicos inferiores a un SMMLV se asociaron con bajo peso materno y con recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional. El peso pregestacional, el índice de masa corporal bajo en tercer trimestre de gestación y la presencia de infecciones urinarias y/o vaginales de la madre se asociaron con recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional.

In Colombia, adolescent pregnancy is a public health problem, with serious implications for the health and nutrition of the binomial mother-child. Objective: assess socio-demographic, economic, food security, health and maternal nutritional status characteristics by anthropometric measures in a group of pregnant adolescents in Medellin-Colombia on their third trimester of pregnancy and associate them with the newborns weight. Methods and materials: A cross sectional analytical study was made with 294 pregnant women (week 27 to 40), who participating in prenatal control program of the public hospital network in Medellin-Colombia. We sought Association of weight at birth with the explanatory variables. Results: underweight in pregnant women was presented in families that had lower income wages than the Standard Minimum Wage Income - SMWI-, adolescents who were younger than 15 years old and those who had a gynecological age less than five years. In newborns, the highest proportion of small children for pregnancy age was found in mothers who presented infections, low pregnancy weight and low family income less than the minimum wage. For those whose earnings was less than the minimum income the newborn weight decreased 118g (CI95%:-2,5 a - 234,7), in addition, for each kilogram that increased the prepregnancy weight, newborn weight increased in 10,26g (CI95%:1,98 a -18,5). Conclusions: low-weight pregnancy and low-weight newborns are associated with low family income. Pre-pregnancy weight, body mass index in the third trimester of pregnancy and mother`s presence of urinary tract and vaginal infections were associated with the newborn´s weight.

[Adolescent pregnancy: maternal characteristics and their association with birth weight of the newborn]. / Embarazo adolescente: características maternas y su asociación con el peso al nacer del neonate.

UNLABELLED: In Colombia, adolescent pregnancy is a public health problem, with serious implications for the health and nutrition of the binomial mother-child. OBJECTIVE: assess socio-demographic, economic, food security, health and maternal nutritional status characteristics by anthropometric measures in a group of pregnant adolescents in Medellin-Colombia on their third trimester of pregnancy and associate them with the newborns weight. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A cross sectional analytical study was made with 294 pregnant women (week 27 to 40), who participating in prenatal control program of the public hospital network in Medellin-Colombia. We sought Association of weight at birth with the explanatory variables. RESULTS: underweight in pregnant women was presented in families that had lower income wages than the Standard Minimum Wage Income--SMWI-, adolescents who were younger than 15 years old and those who had a gynecological age less than five years. In newborns, the highest proportion of small children for pregnancy age was found in mothers who presented infections, low pregnancy weight and low family income less than the minimum wage. For those whose earnings was less than the minimum income the newborn weight decreased 118g (CI 95%: -2.5 a - 234.7), in addition, for each kilogram that increased the pre-pregnancy weight, newborn weight increased in 10,26g (CI 95%: 1.98 a-18.5). CONCLUSIONS: low-weight pregnancy and low-weight newborns are associated with low family income. Pre-pregnancy weight, body mass index in the third trimester of pregnancy and mother's presence of urinary tract and vaginal infections were associated with the newborn's weight.

Educación nutricional en gestantes, perspectivsa para la acción / Pregnant nutritional education. Prospects for action

Fundamentos: La educación nutricional (EN) cumple un papel fundamental en el éxito de intervenciones nutricionales dirigidas a gestantes, en su práctica se detectan debilidades. Se realizó una revisión documental de experiencias en EN, en gestantes para identificar factores de éxito que contribuyan a intervenciones con impacto positivo. Métodos: Revisión documental de artículos científicos nacionales e internacional de EN dirigidos a gestantes publicados en bases de datos científicas. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés y español, publicados de 2005 a 2012, de intervenciones educativas en alimentación y nutrición que describieran: población, metodología, seguimiento y evaluación; se excluyeron los artículos que solo median el conocimiento de las gestantes en temas de alimentación y nutrición, sin realizar intervención educativa. Resultados: La literatura recomienda y justifica la implementación de programas educativos en la atención a las gestantes dado su potencial para conducir al cambio favorable de conductas alimentarias y al éxito en las intervenciones nutricionales, sin embargo en la atención habitual que se brinda a esta población esta práctica presenta grandes deficiencias. Conclusiones: La EN requiere de una mirada integral por parte del profesional en nutrición, además de un marco de políticas públicas que garanticen la sostenibilidad de los programas (AU)

Basics: Nutrition education (NE) plays a fundamental role in the success of nutritional interventions addressed to pregnant women. Weaknesses are detected in this type of practice. A document review of experieces in NE among pregnant women was conducted in order to identify key success factors which contribute to positive impact interventions. Methods: A literature review of national and international scientific articles on NE directed to pregnant women was published in scientific databases. Articles in English and Spanish, published from 2005 to 2012, providing education in food and nutrition that described: population, methodology, monitoring and evaluation were included. Articles that only measured the knowledge of pregnant women about food and nutrition without any educational intervention were excluded. Results: Literature on the topic recommends and justifies the implementation of educational programs in the care of pregnant women because of its potential to conduct positive change eating behavior and successful nutrition interventions; however in the standard care that is given to this type population, there are still major deficiencies. Conclusions: NE requires a comprehensive perspective from the practitioner in nutrition, in addition to a policy framework that guarantees the sustainability of the programs (AU)

[Factors associated with maternal body mass index in a group of pregnant teenagers, Medellin, Colombia]. / Factores asociados con el índice de masa corporal materno en un grupo de gestantes adolescentes, Medellín, Colombia.

The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of socioeconomic risk factors, food security, health, and key anthropometric measures on body mass index (BMI) in a group of teenagers from Medellin, Colombia, in the third trimester of pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 294 pregnant teenagers. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Pregnant teenagers whose families earned less than one minimum wage were more likely to have low weight (OR = 5.8; 95%CI: 1.97-16.8). Age under 15 years was associated with a fourfold increase in low gestational weight. Arm and calf circumference greater than 24cm and 32cm, respectively, were associated with a 94% reduction in low gestational weight (arm circumference: OR = 0.1; 95%CI: 0.0-0.2) (calf circumference: OR = 0.1; 95%CI: 0.0-0.2). In conclusion, low income and young age were associated with low gestational weight. Arm and calf circumference correlated with maternal weight.

Factores asociados con el índice de masa corporal materno en un grupo de gestantes adolescentes, Medellín, Colombia / Factors associated with maternal body mass index in a group of pregnant teenagers, Medellin, Colombia / Fatores associados ao índice de massa corporal materno em um grupo de gestantes adolescentes, Medellín, Colômbia

The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of socioeconomic risk factors, food security, health, and key anthropometric measures on body mass index (BMI) in a group of teenagers from Medellin, Colombia, in the third trimester of pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 294 pregnant teenagers. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Pregnant teenagers whose families earned less than one minimum wage were more likely to have low weight (OR = 5.8; 95%CI: 1.97-16.8). Age under 15 years was associated with a fourfold increase in low gestational weight. Arm and calf circumference greater than 24cm and 32cm, respectively, were associated with a 94% reduction in low gestational weight (arm circumference: OR = 0.1; 95%CI: 0.0-0.2) (calf circumference: OR = 0.1; 95%CI: 0.0-0.2). In conclusion, low income and young age were associated with low gestational weight. Arm and calf circumference correlated with maternal weight.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la influencia de factores socioeconómicos, de seguridad alimentaria, de salud, y algunas medidas antropométricas, en la clasificación del índice de masa corporal (IMC) en un grupo de gestantes adolescentes de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, durante el tercer trimestre de gestación. Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional transversal con 294 gestantes. Para el análisis se utilizó un análisis bivariado y un modelo de regresión logística. La mayor probabilidad de presentar bajo peso gestacional la tuvieron aquellas gestantes cuyas familias devengaban menos de un salario mínimo (OR = 5,8; IC95%: 1,97-16,8). Ser menor de 15 años aumentó cuatro veces la probabilidad bajo peso gestacional y tener un perímetro del brazo y de pantorrilla por encima de 24cm y 32cm, respectivamente, reduce la probabilidad de presentar bajo peso gestacional en un 94% (perímetro de brazo: OR = 0,1; IC95%: 0,0-0,2); (perímetro de pantorrilla: OR = 0,1; IC95%: 0,0-0,2). Se concluye que los ingresos y la edad cronológica se asociaron con el bajo peso gestacional. Los perímetros de brazo y pantorrilla se correlacionaron de forma positiva con el peso materno.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos, de segurança alimentar, de saúde, e algumas medidas antropométricas, na classificação do índice de massa corporal (IMC) em um grupo de gestantes adolescentes da Cidade de Medellín, Colômbia, durante o terceiro trimestre de gestação. Realizou-se estudo analítico observacional transversal com 294 gestantes. Utilizou-se análise bivariada e um modelo de regressão logística. As gestantes cujas famílias ganhavam menos de 1 salário mínimo (OR = 5,8; IC95%: 1,9-16,8) tiveram maior probabilidade de apresentar baixo peso gestacional. Ser menor de 15 anos aumentou quatro vezes a probabilidade de baixo peso gestacional, e ter um perímetro do braço e da panturrilha maior que 24cm e 32cm, respectivamente, reduz em 94% a probabilidade de apresentar baixo peso gestacional (perímetro do braço: OR = 0,1; IC95%: 0,0-0,2; perímetro da panturrilha: OR = 0,1; IC95%: 0,0-0,2). Conclui-se que a renda e a idade cronológica associaram-se com o baixo peso gestacional. Os perímetros do braço e da panturrilha relacionaram-se de forma positiva com o peso materno.

La articulación entre investigación, docencia y extensión en un programa universitario de Nutrición y Dietética / Linking outreach, research and teaching in a Nutrition and Dietetics undergraduate program

Objetivo: describir el proceso de articulación entre investigación, docencia y extensión en un programa universitario de Nutrición y Dietética. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una sistematización, bajo la perspectiva cualitativa. Para la recolección de los datos se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas grupales e individuales y revisión documental. La información obtenida fue grabada, transcrita y codificada de manera abierta; posteriormente se realizó una codificación axial, lo que permitió encontrar relaciones entre las diferentes categorías, avanzando a la fase de tematización y análisis. Resultados: se establecieron tres categorías de análisis: logros en la articulación investigación, docencia y extensión, dificultades en dicha articulación y sugerencias para mejorarla. El programa acorde con su proyecto educativo ha hecho avances en la articulación investigación, docencia y extensión, lo que se evidencia en aspectos como la participación de estudiantes en proyectos de investigación y extensión, las pasantías estudiantiles y las prácticas académicas. Sin embargo, aún se encuentran aspectos por fortalecer. Se recomienda, como estrategia para redimensionar la práctica, definir una política de semilleros estudiantiles que conciba la articulación en mención en el plan de estudios, crear convocatorias internas de apoyo a la investigación y a la extensión para estudiantes de pregrado y desarrollar un programa de divulgación de los proyectos de extensión.

Objective: the aim of this study was to explore the integration of teaching, research and service/outreach in a Nutrition and Dietetics undergraduate program. Materials and methods: the study type was a systematization of experiences. Data was collected through group and individual in depth-interviews and also by reviewing documentation. Results: the data collected allowed establishing three main categories of analysis such as: achievements in research, teaching and service/outreach integration, difficulties in the integration, and suggestions that will allow improving it. The program, according to its educational project, has made progress in integrating research, teaching and service/outreach. This was evident in aspects such as student participation in research activities and outreach projects, student internships, and academic practices. There are, however, issues that need to be strengthened. In order to improve the practical component, we recommend defining a policy of student groups that allow articulating teaching, research and service/ outreach within the curriculum, building internal grants for research and outreach for undergraduate students, and developing a program that disseminates outreach work and projects.

Ingesta de hierro y folatos durante el embarazo y su relación con indicadores bioquímicos maternos / Iron and folate intake during pregnancy and its relationship with maternal biochemical indicators

Introducción: la anemia en gestantes es un problema de salud pública en América Latina incluida Colombia. Objetivo: evaluar los indicadores bioquímicos del estado nutricional del hierro y el folato en un grupo de mujeres gestantes pobres vinculadas a un programa nutricional de la Gobernación de Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental en 26 gestantes, beneficiarias de un programa de educación nutricional, complemento alimentario fortificado con micronutrientes y suplemento de hierro, ácido fólico y vitamina C. Se evaluaron la ingesta dietética por recordatorio de 24 horas, y se midieron la ferritina sérica, la hemoglobina, el volumen corpuscular medio, la proteína C reactiva y el folato sérico; se hizo un coprológico para parásitos intestinales. Se aplicaron la prueba de Pearson para correlacionar la ingesta de folatos con la concentración sérica de los mismos, la prueba de Spearman para correlacionar la ingesta de hierro con la concentración sérica de ferritina, ANOVA de mediciones repetidas para comparación entre los trimestres de gestación y análisis de regresión simple y múltiple para establecer la dependencia de la ferritina, la hemoglobina y el folato sérico con las variables de interés. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: la anemia se previno en 84,6%; la variable más explicativa del cambio en la hemoglobina del tercer trimestre fue su valor en el segundo trimestre. Disminuyó la microcitosis (p = 0,02), pero las gestantes con menor ingesta de hierro tuvieron mayor prevalencia de esta en el tercer trimestre (p = 0,009). La ferropenia aumentó en el transcurso del embarazo (p < 0,001) y se halló correlación positiva entre la ingesta de hierro y la concentración de ferritina en el tercer trimestre (r = 0,64; p < 0,001). La concentración sérica de folato aumentó en el segundo y tercer trimestres (p = 0,018) y se observó una tendencia a la correlación positiva con la ingesta de folatos, que fue significativa en el tercer trimestre (r = 0,40, p = 0,044). Conclusión: el suministro de nutrientes mostró un efecto positivo en los indicadores bioquímicos, pero no logró mejorar las reservas de hierro. Se destaca la importancia de los suplementos nutricionales en gestantes.

Introduction: Anemia during pregnancy is a public health problem in Latin America, including Colombia. Objective: To evaluate the biochemical indicators of iron and folate nutritional state in a group of pregnant women belonging to a nutritional government program in Antioquia (Colombia). Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study of 26 poor pregnant women, who were beneficiaries of a program that included nutritional education, food complement fortified with micronutrients and supplements of iron, folic acid and vitamin C. Dietetic ingestion was evaluated by 24 hours reminders; the following parameters were measured: seric ferritin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, C reactive protein, and seric folate. A stool specimen was examined for parasites. Pearson test was applied to correlate folate ingestion with seric folate concentration; Spearman test was used to correlate iron ingestion and seric ferritin; ANOVA of repeated measurements was employed for comparison between pregnancy trimesters; simple and multiple regression analyses were used to establish dependency of ferritin, hemoglobin and serum folate on the variables of interest. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Anemia was prevented in 84.6%. The variable that better explained hemoglobin change during the third trimester was its value in the second trimester. Microcytosis diminished (p = 0.02) but women with the lesser iron ingestion had the highest prevalence during the third trimester (p = 0.009). Iron deficiency increased during pregnancy (p < 0.001) and a positive correlation was found between iron ingestion and ferritin concentration during the third trimester (r = 0.64; p < 0.001). Seric folate concentration increased during the second and third trimesters (p = 0.018), and a trend was observed toward positive correlation with folate ingestion, which was significant in the third trimester (r = 0.40, p = 0.044). Conclusion: Nutritional supplements showed a positive effect on biochemical indicators, but they did not achieve an improvement of iron reserves. The importance of nutritional supplements during pregnancy is emphasized.

Alimentar y nutrir a un niño con parálisis cerebral: una mirada desde las percepciones / Alimentar e nutrir a uma criança com paralisia cerebral: uma olhada desde as percepções / Feeding and nourishing a child with cerebral palsy: view from perceptions

Objetivo. Describir las percepciones y las rutinas del cuidador primario informal familiar frente a la alimentación y nutrición de niños con parálisis cerebral (PC). Metodología. Estudio cualitativo bajo perspectiva de etnografía enfocada. Los participantes fueron trece cuidadores de niños con PC residentes en Itagüí, Antioquia. La recolección de datos se hizo hasta la saturación de los mismos, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y observaciones. Para el procesamiento y análisis de la información se realizó codificación abierta, axial y selectiva, identificación de categorías, patrones recurrentes, atípicos y contradictorios con los que se construyeron taxonomías. Resultados. Los cuidadores perciben que alimentar y nutrir los niños con PC es difícil desde el nacimiento y que esta dificultad persiste durante el crecimiento del niño. Las rutinas de alimentación se construyen desde experiencias cotidianas, el sentir de la madre frente la discapacidad y la afección física y fisiológica del niño. Estas rutinas influyen en el consumo de alimentos, la nutrición y adquisición del niño de habilidades mínimas para autoalimentarse y transformar la vida personal, laboral, familiar y social del cuidador. Conclusión. El cuidado alimentario y nutricional del niño con PC es construido por su cuidador a partir de experiencias cotidianas. La asistencia permanente no posibilita desarrollar habilidades básicas para autoalimentarse en aquellos niños que pueden hacerlo, lo que genera una carga en el cuidador.

Objective. To describe perceptions and routines of the informal primary family caregiver towards feeding and nourishing children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methodology. Qualitative study under ethnography focused perspective. Thirteen caregivers of children with CP who lived in Itagui, Antioquia participated. Data collec- tion was performed until its saturation, through semi structured interviews and observation. For data processing and analysis an open, axial and selective coding was performed, category identification, recurrent, atypical and contradictory patterns from which taxonomies were built, were identified. Results. Caregivers perceive that feeding and nourishing children with CP is difficult from birth, and this difficulty stays during the child’s development. Feeding routines are constituted from daily experiences, mother’s feeling towards disability, physical and physiological handicaps of the child. These routines influence the kid’s food intake, nutrition and the acquisition of minimum abilities to eat by himself and it changes the personal, labor, social and family life of the caregiver. Conclusion. Alimentary and nutritional care of children with CP is built by their caregiver from daily experiences. Permanent assistance does not allow basic ability development to self nourish in those kids who can do it, what generates a load in the caregiver.

Objetivo. Descrever as percepções e as rotinas do responsável primário informal familiar frente à alimentação e nutrição de crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC). Metodologia. Estudo qualitativo sob perspectiva de etnografia enfocada. Os participantes foram treze responsáveis de crianças com PC residentes em Itagüí, Antioquia. A recolha de dados se fez até a saturação dos mesmos, mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas e observações. Para o processamento e análise da informação se realizaram codificação aberta, axial e seletiva, identificação de categorias, padrões recorrentes, atípicos e contraditórios com os que se construíram taxonomias. Resultados. Os responsáveis percebem que alimentar e nutrir as crianças com PC é difícil desde o nascimento, e que esta dificuldade persiste durante o crescimento da criança. As rotinas de alimentação se constroem desde experiências cotidianas, o sentir da mãe frente à incapacidade e a afecção física e fisiológica da criança. Estas rotinas influem no consumo de alimentos, a nutrição e aquisição da criança de habilidades mínimas para auto-alimentação e transforma a vida pessoal, trabalhista, familiar e social do responsável Conclusão. O responsável da alimentação e nutrição da criança com PC é construído por seu responsável a partir de experiências cotidianas. A assistência permanente não possibilita desenvolver habilidades básicas para auto-alimentar naquelas crianças que podem fazê-lo, o que gera um ônus no responsável.

[Factors related to birth weight: a comparison of related factors between newborns of Spanish and Colombian immigrant women in Spain]. / Peso al nacer: una comparación de sus factores relacionados entre los recién nacidos de madres españolas y madres colombianas residentes en España.

The objective of this study is to establish differentials in birth weight (BW) and related factors, in term newborns (NB) of Spanish (SP) and Colombian (CO) immigrant mothers living in Spain, between 2001-2005. Data on the NB population of SP and CO mothers was retrieved from the National Statistical Bulletin of Birth in Spain. We analysed the association with BW (Low birth weight -LBW- insufficient weight -IW- macrosomia), by the nationality of the mother; taking into account variables such as the intergenesic interval, maternal age, number of live children, maternal occupation and sex of NB. The analysis was based on frequencies and the estimation of simple and adjusted odds ratios (OR) by means of logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A higher prevalence of LBW was found in SP mothers (3.4%) than in their CO counterparts (2.1%). In SP mothers a higher risk of LBW (aOR 1.89, 950% CI 1.65- 2.16) and IW (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.51- 1.57) was observed. In CO mothers a higher percentage of macrosomia was found (8.0%). Also, a higher percentage of LBW was observed in female new borns (SP4.1%; CO 2.7%) as well as IW (PI (SP 25.6%; CO 19.6%) (p < 0.001). Mothers aged > 40 years and having 4 or more children were associated with LBW in both nationalities. As a conclusion, NB of Colombian mothers presented a lower prevalence of LBW and IW, which could be explained by the healthy migrant effect.

La alimentación del niño con parálisis cerebral un reto para el nutricionista dietista: perspectivas desde una revisión / Nutrition for children having cerebral paralysis is challenging for dietitians: review

Antecedentes: la parálisis cerebral es un término usado para describir el síndrome producido por lesión o daño del sistema nervioso central durante períodos críticos del desarrollo. Los niños con parálisis cerebral presentan diferentes manifestaciones clínicas, pero todos presentan deterioro de la función neurológica. Esta enfermedad, considerada altamente incapacitante, presenta una incidencia de 2,5 por cada mil nacidos vivos en países en desarrollo y de 2,0 en países desarrollados. Objetivo: identificar características alimentarias y nutricionales de los niños con parálisis cerebral para orientar a los profesionales de la salud con recomendaciones que contribuyan a la intervención efectiva de este grupo. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: la parálisis cerebral afecta el desarrollo de los diferentes sistemas reguladores de las funciones vitales del organismo: succión, masticación, deglución y respiración, que comprometen los procesos de alimentación y el estado nutricional de los niños que la padecen.Conclusiones: la atención alimentaria y nutricional de niños con parálisis cerebral, requiere que el nutricionista dietista, de forma interdisciplinaria, desarrolle modificaciones dietéticas acordes a las características del paciente para favorecer el consumo de alimentos y mejorar su estado nutricional.

Cerebral paralysis defined the syndrome for damage of nervous system, it could happen during critical periods of child development. Children having cerebral paralysis present different clinical manifestations, but all present damage of neurological function. Cerebral paralysis is an extremely disable disease, the world incidence is 2,5 per 1000 newborns in developing countries and 2,0 per 1000 newborns in developed nations. Objective: to identify feeding and nutritional characteristics in children having cerebral paralysis in order to develop guidelines for health professionals working with these children. Methods: a systematic search of articles published the last 10 years related to the topic was done, looking in scientific national and international data base. Results: cerebral paralysis affects physiological functions like suction, mastication, swallowing and breading system, that affect feeding process and nutritional status of children. Conclusion: the main purpose of this review was to understand the impact of cerebral paralysis on nutritional status in children having this syndrome, also this review provides information about recommendations that health professionals should apply to improve the quality of life for this population.

Peso al nacer: una comparación de sus factores relacionados entre los recién nacidos de madres españolas y madres colombianas residentes en España / Factors related to birth weight: a comparison of related factors between newborns of Spanish and Colombian immigrant women in Spain

El objetivo del estudio fue establecer diferencias en el peso al nacer (PN) y sus factores relacionados, en recién nacidos (RN) a término de mujeres españolas (Esp) y colombianas (Col) residentes en España, en el periodo 2001-2005. Para ello, se incluyó el total de RN de madres españolas y colombianas a partir del Boletín Estadístico de Nacimientos de España. Según la nacionalidad materna se estimó la asociación del PN (bajo peso -BP-, peso insuficiente -PI- y macrosomía), con variables como intervalo intergenésico, edad materna, número de hijos nacidos vivos, profesión de la madre y sexo del RN. El análisis se basó en el cálculo de frecuencias y la estimación de Odds ratios (OR) simples y ajustadas con intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento). Se encontró mayor prevalencia de BP en RN de mujeres españolas (3,4 por ciento) que en colombianas (2,1 por ciento). Las madres españolas presentaron mayor riesgo de BP (ORa 1,89; IC95 por ciento 1,65-2,16) y PI (ORa 1,49; IC95 por ciento 1,41-1,57). En las madres colombianas se observó mayor porcentaje de macrosomía (8,0 por ciento). En las niñas de madres españolas se observó mayor porcentaje de BP (Esp 4,1 por ciento; Col 2,7 por ciento) y PI (Esp. 25,6 por ciento; Col. 19,6 por ciento) (p<0,001). Madres con edades >40 años y tener 4 ó más hijos se asoció con el BP para Españolas y Colombianas. Se concluye que los recién nacidos de las madres colombianas presentan menor prevalencia de BP y PI, lo que es compatible con el efecto del inmigrante sano.

The objective of this study is to establish differentials in birth weight (BW) and related factors, in term newborns (NB) of Spanish (SP) and Colombian (CO) immigrant mothers living in Spain, between 2001-2005. Data on the NB population of SP and CO mothers was retrieved from the National Statistical Bulletin of Birth in Spain. We analysed the association with BW (Low birth weight -LBW- insufficient weight -IW- macrosomia), by the nationality of the mother; taking into account variables such as the intergenesic interval, maternal age, number of live children, maternal occupation and sex of NB. The analysis was based on frequencies and the estimation of simple and adjusted odds ratios (OR) by means of logistic regression with 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI). A higher prevalence of LBW was found in SP mothers (3.4 percent) than in their CO counterparts (2.1 percent). In SP mothers a higher risk of LBW (aOR 1.89, 95 percentCI 1.65- 2.16) and IW (aOR 1.49, 95 percentCI 1.51- 1.57) was observed. In CO mothers a higher percentage of macrosomia was found (8.0 percent). Also, a higher percentage of LBW was observed in female new borns (SP 4.1 percent; CO 2.7 percent) as well as IW (PI (SP 25.6 percent; CO 19.6 percent)(p<0.001). Mothers aged >40 years and having 4 or more children were associated with LBW in both nationalities. As a conclusion, NB of Colombian mothers presented a lower prevalence of LBW and IW, which could be explained by the healthy migrant effect.